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Fast Steering Mirrors / Active Optics in Astronomical Telescopes
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Resolution in large earthbound telescopes is limited by atmospheric turbulence and vibrations. During the last 15 years PI has designed several large-aperture high bandwidth tip/tilt systems for image stabilization. Piezoelectrically driven active secondary mirrors can improve the effective resolution up to 1000% by correcting for these image shifts in real time, especially during long integrations with weak light sources.

Momentum Compensation
Due to the inertia of the large mirrors and the high accelerations required to correct for image fluctuations, significant forces can be induced in the telescope structure, causing unwanted vibrations. PI has developed momentum compensation systems integrated into the tip/tilt platforms which cancel undesirable vibrations and thus offer significantly better stabilization than uncompensated systems.

More Information on PI Products in Astronomy
>> PI Wins Hexapod Order for ALMA Millimeter Radio Telescope
>> 273 Actuators for SALT, Largest Telescope in Southern Hemisphere
>> Ultra-High-Load Hexapod for Astronomy
>> More on Hexapods
>> Catalog: High Bandwidth / Low Bandwidth Steering Mirror Systems


Keck I and Keck II observatories and NASA Infrared Telescope
Facility (IRTF, silver dome), Mauna Kea, Hawaii; Photo: K.
Spanner.


The Horsehead Nebula



View of the 8.2 m Subaru infrared telescope in Hawaii (from http://SubaruTelescope.org/Index.html), printed with permission of NAOJ.

Active tip/tilt mirror for the Subaru Telescope (Mauna Kea, Hawaii). Mirror diameter: 150 mm. Tip/tilt range: ±600 µrad. Resonant frequency: 610 Hz

Active tip/tilt mirror for the Subaru telescope, rear view.

Active tip/tilt mirror for the United Kingdom infrared telescope (UKIRT) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii with Secondary Hexapod 6-D alignment system (more information on Hexapod systems).
Mirror diameter: 314 mm
Tip/tilt range: ±500 µrad
Resonant frequency: 280 Hz

Active secondary mirror for NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii,with Hexapod 6-D alignment system (more information on Hexapod systems).
Mirror diameter: 244 mm
Tip/tilt range: ±250 µrad
Resonant frequency: 490 Hz

Active tip/tilt mirror system for the Keck Outrigger telescope in Hawaii. The units are controlled by a high-performance digital controller with a fiber optic interface (not shown).
Mirror diameter: 250 mm
Tip/tilt range: ±150 µrad
Resolution: nanoradian range
Position measurement: capacitive

Active secondary tip/tilt mirror for the 2.2 m ESO (European Southern Observatory) telescope in La Silla, Chile.
Mirror diameter: 100 mm
Tip/tilt range: ±400 µrad
Resonant frequency: 900 Hz

Telescope structure with active secondary mirror (from "Progress Report on DISCO: A Project for Image Stabilization at the 2.2 m Telescope," F. Maaswinkel, S. D'Odorico and G. Huster, ESO, F. Bortoletto, Istituto di Astronomia, University of Padova, Italy).